LANGUAGE COMPETENCIES, ACHIEVEMENTS AND QUALIFICATIONS IN THE COMMON EUROPEAN FRAMEWORK OF REFERENCE FOR LANGUAGES

the role of russia in transmission of energy from central asia and caucuses to european union

پس ازفروپاشی شوروی،رشد منابع نفت و گاز، آسیای میانه و قفقاز را در یک بازی ژئوپلتیکی انرژی قرار داده است. با در نظر گرفتن این منابع هیدروکربنی، این منطقه به یک میدانجنگ و رقابت تجاری برای بازی های ژئوپلتیکی قدرت های بزرگ جهانی تبدیل شده است. روسیه منطقه را به عنوان حیات خلوت خود تلقی نموده و علاقمند به حفظ حضورش می باشد تا همانند گذشته گاز طبیعی را به وسیله خط لوله مرکزی دریافت و به عنوان یک واس...

Foreword to the Special Issue “The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) for English Language Assessment in China” of Language Testing in Asia

Correspondence: [email protected] Department of Linguistics and English Language, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK Background The need within language testing and assessment for specifications of test content, methods and constructs has long been recognised and accepted. In education more generally, statements of aims, objectives and curricular frameworks are also widely provided, a...

efl students gender and socioeconomic status: the use of politeness strategies in the first and second languages

within the components of communicative competence, a special emphasis is put on the “rules of politeness,” specifically the politeness strategies (brown and levinson, 1978) that speakers deploy when performing the request speech act. this is because the degree of imposition that making a request places upon one’s interlocutor(s) has been seen to be influenced by several factors among which, as ...

Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment CASE STUDIES

The opinions expressed in this work are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy of the Council of Europe. All corrrespondence concerning this publication or the reproduction or translation of all or part of the document should be addressed to the Director of School, Out of School and Higher Education of the Council of Europe (F-67075 Strasbourg Cedex). The reprod...

The Nordic syllabi and the Common European Framework of Reference